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Gemini for the first American spacewalk

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and the first mission controlled from

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NASA's new manned spacecraft Center

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which was later renamed the Johnson

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Space Center since then the johnson

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space center or JSC has continued its

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commitment to the challenges of

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with the Gemini program new techniques

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such as rendezvous and docking were

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developed the Apollo program landed men

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on the moon there in skyline three

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different crews lived and worked in

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America's first space station for a

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total of 171 day Lydia had also use test

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project American astronauts and Russian

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cosmonauts brought their spacecraft

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together in Earth orbit recently the

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development of a reusable space shuttle

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open new avenues into space from

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conducting scientific investigations in

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a broad range of disciplines to

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assembling large structures shuttle

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missions have expanded our capability to

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work in space as the key component of

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the space transportation system the

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shuttle will provide the means to carry

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men and women into space well into the

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the shuttle is essential to the

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construction and operation of a

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permanently manned space station as an

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orbiting laboratory space station

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freedom will provide an opportunity for

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long-duration research in areas such as

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life sciences materials processing and

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earth observations it will also serve as

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a maintenance and repair facility for

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spacecraft and as the checkout and

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departure point for future manned

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exploration of the solar system recently

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a presidential initiative identified two

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long-range goals for expanding

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humanity's presence in space first

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astronauts will return to the moon and

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establish a lunar outpost this

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experience will provide the necessary

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groundwork for the next step a manned

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mission to Mars each goal is part of an

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evolutionary approach that continues to

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strengthen the foundation that will lead

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us beyond Earth's boundaries throughout

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the years Mission Control has become

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synonymous with spaceflight in the eyes

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of the general public however Mission

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Control is only one segment of this

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center's program activities months of

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careful planning are necessary before a

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spacecraft ever clears the launch tower

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each phase of the mission must be

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planned in precise in-depth detail in

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order to make the missions safe as well

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as productive activities and procedures

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must be evaluated tested and retested

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okay it's pretty simple today flight

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crew training is an important aspect of

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any mission from classroom training to

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full-scale mock-ups to high fidelity

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mission simulators to simulated

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weightlessness in an aircraft or in a

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large water tank astronauts continually

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work on developing and maintaining the

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skills necessary for mission success in

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addition to mission related activities

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this Center is currently involved in the

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development of medical scientific and

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engineering experiments as well as in

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the design and development of Space

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Station freedom basic to the success of

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any program are the resources and

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talents of the people involved in each

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project approximately 3,500 civil

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service and over 11,000 contractor

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personnel formed the JSC team a majority

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of contractor support is located beyond

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the center's fenced boundaries in some

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cases program concepts and prototypes

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are developed off-site by a specialized

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these new developments are then tested

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in facilities located on site the

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advancement of science and technology is

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critical to the success of America's

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space program the technology developed

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today for one program will become part

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in space the human body changes as it

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adapts to the lack of gravity with

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long-duration spaceflight new medical

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challenges will have to be met a crew

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healthcare system is currently being

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developed to provide the total spectrum

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of health care including environmental

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monitoring exercise countermeasures and

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life-support system technology continues

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to expand and be refined as we learn new

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ways to live and work in space currently

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engineers are working on a space station

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suit with a higher operating pressure

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the new suit would eliminate

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time-consuming pre-breathing operations

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while providing easier on orbit

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maintenance greater mobility and

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simplicity and operation historically

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the development of computer technology

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has been crucial to manned space flight

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astronauts engineers and technicians use

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a variety of computerized systems which

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are unique to space flight from a

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real-time mainframe computer complex

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which provides Mission Control with

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several functions including the

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processing of command trajectory and

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telemetry data to the shuttles five

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identical general-purpose computers

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which perform guidance navigation and

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control functions systems management and

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payload operations these systems are

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computer-aided graphics software

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packages provide useful tools for

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engineers to use in Mission Plan extra

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vehicular simulations and Space Station

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design the addition of artificial

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intelligence provides engineers with a

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smart computer program which has

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decision-making abilities in the hybrid

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vision laboratory an optical system is

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being developed which uses artificial

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intelligence to determine the identity

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and location of an object eventually

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this capability will allow the computer

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to process the information and decide

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the course of action another area which

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has benefited from artificial

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intelligence capabilities is the

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advancement of robotics technology on

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freedom astronauts will use robots for a

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variety of jobs such as construction and

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retriever activate here a

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voice-activated autonomous robot is

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tested on the air bearing table this

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demonstration is part of the crew and

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equipment retrieval system currently

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being designed as a joint project

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involving five divisions the Johnson

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Space Center provides an arena for

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ongoing studies as scientists continue

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to reap the benefits from the Apollo

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program a specially designed lunar

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curatorial facility provides storage

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testing and distribution capabilities

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for the soil and rock samples gathered

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from the moon as well as for the study

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of meteorites at the lunar planetary

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institute scientists from around the

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world combined their talents with the

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resources of the Institute to study the

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evolution of the solar system it's

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particular detail notice we've got one

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creator to crater three craters the

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method of management is a basic

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ingredient to the success of any of

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these programs overseeing the financial

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management of this multi-billion dollar

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operation to providing basic necessities

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for overall operations JSC has

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instituted a management structure which

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ensures direct involvement and quality

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control in program activities the

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Johnson Space Center has been a part of

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the Houston community for over 25 years

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during that time it has continued to be

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a significant factor in the local

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economy in 1988 JSC and its employees

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provided the Houston area with

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approximately eight hundred sixty

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million dollars which amounts to about

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however JSC's contributions to the

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community go beyond any dollar amount a

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mutual dedication to the space program

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has resolved in a beneficial

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relationship between JSC and Houston's

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business and academic community also

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when in direct sunlight if the Sun is

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directly in your eyes this relationship

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has led to the development of

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educational programs which involve both

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faculty and students solid center

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sunshade the Johnson Space Center is

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committed to communicating its programs

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to the general public a visitor's

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program provides an opportunity for

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people from all over the world to view

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project by project year by year NASA

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space science effort will continue to

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provide a wealth of new knowledge the

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JSC team of government contractors and

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academia forms a valuable national

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resource which is ready to meet the